In the United States, approximately 7,000 total shoulder replacements were performed each year from 1996 through 2002. Generally, shoulder damage can be treated without surgery. However, if the pain continues to be severe and the shoulder does not respond to treatment over a period of three to six months, surgery may be advised. One of the most common surgeries is to the rotator cuff. This area refers to the muscles and tendons that cover the shoulder joint and hold the ball and socket joint in place. Usually, problems with the rotator cuff are the result of torn tendons, which can occur from overuse or injury.

Other specific conditions that sometimes require shoulder surgery are damage to the joint lining, usually as a result of arthritis, as well as torn ligaments or a loose shoulder joint. A surgeon will take a close look at the cartilage, bones, tendons and ligaments of the shoulder to assess damage before repairing damaged tissues.

In shoulder surgery, damaged tissue around the rotator cuff is replaced. Recovery time after surgery varies, usually from one to six months, during which time physical therapy is important to ensure the full range of movement is regained. Individuals who have had shoulder surgery can return to physical activity and playing sports after a period of time.